About 'information system major'|...When a foreign entity compromised the computer system of a major university, the bureau contacted the school’s information- technology administrators, who denied...
1.Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｂｅ ｓｕｒｅ ｔｏ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ ａ ｌａｂｅｌｅｄ ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｃｙｃｌｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｃｙｃｌｅ ｉｎ ｙｏｕｒ ａｎｓｗｅｒ. Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ｂｙ ｐｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｏｒ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｍａｉｌ ｌｉｓｔｓ. Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｍａｓｓｅｓ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ｂｙ ｂｒｏａｄ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｒ ｉｎｃｏｍｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｈａｓ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ ｏｆ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ ｔｈｉｓ ｄｏｅｓ ｎｏｔ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｈａｐｐｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｉｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｍｅｄｉｕｍ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｐｌａｃｅ ａｎｄ ｉｎ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｔａｉｌ ｏｕｔｌｅｔ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｉｓ. Ｉｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｔｏ ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ. Ｉｎ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ ｌｏｓｅｓ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ａｓ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｅｎｔｅｒｓ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ. Ｉｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ａｎ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ. Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ ｏｃｃｕｒｓ ｏｖｅｒ ａｎ ｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ ｏｆ ｔｉｍｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｄｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ. Ｒｅｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｂｏｔｈ ｔｙｐｅｓ ｏｆ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ, ｂｕｔ ｏｃｃｕｒｓ ｉｎ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｉｎ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｔ ｏｃｃｕｒｓ ｂｙ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ ｐｉｅｃｅｓ ｏｖｅｒ ａ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ ｏｆ ｔｉｍｅ. Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ａ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｒｉｓｋ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ ｉｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｕｎｓｅｅｎ ａｎｄ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ ｄｉｓｔａｎｔ. Ｉｎ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ ｆｅｅｌ ｌｅｓｓ ｒｉｓｋ ａｎｄ ｈａｓ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ. Ｔｈｅ Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ Ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ Ｃｙｃｌｅ Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ａｎｄ/ｏｒ Ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ Ｃｙｃｌｅ Ｉｎｄｉｒｅｃｔ Ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ Ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ 2.Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ａｒｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙ, ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｎｄ ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ. Ｂｒｉｅｆｌｙ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｅｒｍｓ ａｎｄ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ａ ｒｅａｌ-ｗｏｒｌｄ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ａｂｏｖｅ ｔｅｒｍｓ. Ｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｉｓ ｈｏｗ ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｓ ｈｏｗ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ ｉｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｄｏｎｅ ｂｙ ｓｉｍｐｌｙ ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇ ｓａｌｅｓ. Ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｃｏｄｅｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ ｈｏｗ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ ａ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｏｒ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｄｏｎｅ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｗｉｌｌ ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｂｅ ｄｏｎｅ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｓｏｍｅ ｋｉｎｄ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ. Ａｃｏｏｕｎｔｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ａ ｂｉｇ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｏｆ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｂｅｓｔ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｉｓ ａｎ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ａｓ ｉｔ ａｌｌｏｗｓ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ｔｏ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ ｔｏｗａｒｄｓ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ ｔｈａｔ ａｒｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｌｉｋｅｌｙ ｔｏ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ. Ａｌｓｏ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｂｅ ｒｅａｄｅｒｓ ｏｆ ａ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｍａｇａｚｉｎｅ. Ａｌｓｏ ａ ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ ｍａｙ ｈａｖｅ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｔｏ ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｉｎｔｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｓｏ ｔｈｅｙ ｃａｎ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｌｙ. Ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ ａｒｅ ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｕｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｌｉｓｔｓ. Ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ ａｌｌｏｗｓ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｏｒｅ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ａｂｏｕｔ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ. Ｉｔ ｍａｙ ａｌｓｏ ｂｅ ｔｈｅ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ａｌｌｏｗｓ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｉｎｔｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｏｒ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｓｔｓ. Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｏｒｔ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｆｏｒ ａｎｙ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｓｅｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｌｉｋｅ ｚｉｐ ｃｏｄｅｓ. 3. Ｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗ ｔｈｅ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ａｎｄ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｂｅ ｓｕｒｅ ｔｏ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｅｖｅｎｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ｈａｖｅ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ ａｌｏｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｗａｙ. Ｉｔ'ｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ ｉｎ Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ ａｓ ｅａｒｌｙ ａｓ 1667. Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ Ｆｒａｎｋｌｉｎ ｗａｓ ａｌｓｏ ａ ｐｉｏｎｅｅｒ ｉｎ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ ｗｉｔｈ ａ ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｃａｔａｌｏｇ ｉｎ 1744. Ｔｈｅｎ ｗｅ ｍｏｖｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｂｉｒｔｈ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ ｏｆ ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ ａ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ. 1893 ｗａｓ ａ ｎｏｔａｂｌｅ ｄａｔｅ ａｓ Ｓｅａｒｓ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｃａｔａｌｏｇ ａｎｄ ｂｅｃａｍｅ ａ ｒｅａｌ ｆｒｏｎｔ ｒｕｎｎｅｒ. Ｂｙ 1902 ｓａｌｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ Ｓｅａｒｓ ｅｘｃｅｅｄｅｄ $50 ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ ｅａｃｈ ｙｅａｒ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ａｌｓｏ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｃｏｍｉｎｇ ｉｎ ａｎｄ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｔｙ. Ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｌｙ ａｓ ａ ｗａｙ ｏｆ ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ ｂｏｏｋｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｍａｓｓｅｓ ｂｏｏｋ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｎｔｈ ｃｌｕｂｓ. Ｔｏｄａｙ ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ ｃｌｕｂｓ ａｒｅ ａｉｄｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ａｌｓｏ ａ ｌｏｔ ｍｏｒｅ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ａｌｃｏｈｏｌ ａｎｄ ｇｉｆｔ ｂａｓｋｅｔｓ ａｍｏｎｇｓｔ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ. Ｎｅｘｔ ｃａｍｅ ｐｒｉｎｔ ｍｅｄｉａ ａｓ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｗａｓ ｍｏｒｅ ａｃｃｅｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｆｒｏｎｔ ｒｕｎｎｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｐｒｉｎｔ ｗｅｒｅ Ｓｐｏｒｔｓ Ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ, Ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ Ｇａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｔｈｅ Ｗａｌｌ Ｓｔｒｅｅｔ Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ. Ｒｅａｄｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｐｕｂｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｒｅａｄｅｒ ｌｉｓｔｓ, ｂｕｔ ａｌｓｏ ａｎ ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙ ｔｏ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｉｎｔｏ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｓ Ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｌｓｏ ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｏｃｃｕｒ ｉｎ ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔ ｍｅｄｉａ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｉｓ ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｄｏｎｅ ｂｙ ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ｔｖ ａｎｄ ｒａｄｉｏ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｉｎｇ ｇｅａｒｅｄ ｔｏｗａｒｄｓ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｓ. 1961 ｗａｓ ａ ｋｅｙ ｄａｔｅ ｉｎ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ ｍｅｄｉａ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｔｏｌｌ ｆｒｅｅ ｃａｌｌｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅ ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ ｈａｓ ｉｎ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｂｅｅｎ ａ ｔｅｒｒｉｆｉｃ ｍｅｄｉｕｍ ｆｏｒ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ. Ｎｏｔ ｔｏ ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｔｈｅ ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｈａｓ ｍａｄｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｑｕｉｃｋｅｒ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ａｎｄ ｍｏｒｅ ｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｖｅ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｉｎ ｔｕｒｎ ｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ Ｅ- Ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｎｏｗ ｓｏｍｅ ｍａｎｙ ｗａｙｓ ｆｏｒ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ ｔｏ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｏｎｅｓ ａｒｅ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ, ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ ａｎｄ ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ. Ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｉｏｎｅｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｉｓ Ａｍａｚｏｎ.ｃｏｍ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｓ ａｎｄ ｌｉｎｋｓ ｔｏ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ ａｎｄ ｔｉｔｌｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｓａｍｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒ ａｎｄ ｍｏｒｅ. Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｍｕｌｔｉｃｈａｎｎｅｌ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ｔｏ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ. Ｆｏｒ ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｎｏｗ ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ ａ ｃａｔａｌｏｇ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ. Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ ｉｓ ｏｎｌｙ ｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇ ａ ｓｍａｌｌ ａｍｏｕｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｔｈｉｓ ｗａｙ. 4. Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ ａｎｄ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｖｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ａｎｄ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｈａｖｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ａ ｍａｓｓｉｖｅ ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｄｖｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｃａｔａｌｏｇｓ. Ｐｒｉｎｔｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ｃｏｍｅ ｄｏｗｎ ｉｎ ｐｒｉｃｅ ａｎｄ ｎｏｗ ｍａｎｙ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ ｃａｎ ｅａｓｉｌｙ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｗｎ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｐｉｅｃｅｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｎｅｗｓｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ ｏｒ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｐｉｅｃｅｓ. Ｃｒｅｄｉｔ Ｃａｒｄｓ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ａ ｍａｓｓｉｖｅ ｈｅｌｐ ｔｏ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ. Ｓｉｎｃｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ａｐｐｅａｒｉｎｇ ｉｎ 1950 ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒｉｎｇ ｈａｖｅ ｓｅｅｎ ａ ｍａｓｓｉｖｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ. Ｔｏｄａｙ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ｆｏｒ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｓｈｏｐｐｉｎｇ, ｓｏ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ ｉｎ ｓｔｉｌｌ ｈａｐｐｅｎｉｎｇ. Ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ａ ｆａｎｔａｓｔｉｃ ｉｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ. Ｈｕｍａｎｓ ａｒｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｐｒｏｎｅ ｔｏ ｍａｋｅ ｅｒｒｏｒｓ, ｂｕｔ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ ｈｅｌｐｅｄ ｔｈａｔ. Ａｌｓｏ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｍａｋｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｌｙ ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｐｉｅｃｅｓ ａｎｄ ｅａｓｙ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ. Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｅａｓｉｌｙ ｂｅ ｓｔｏｒｅｄ ｉｎ ｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｌｓｏ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｓｔｓ. Ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ Ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ Ｌｉｆｅｓｔｙｌｅｓ ａｒｅ ｈａｖｉｎｇ ａ ｂｉｇ ｉｍｐａｃｔ. Ｔｈｅ ｓｉｍｐｌｅ ｆａｃｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｉｓ ｔｈａｔ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｄｏｎ'ｔ ｈａｖｅ ａｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｔｉｍｅ ａｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｕｓｅ ｔｏ ａｎｄ ｗａｎｔ ｔｏ ｓｐｅｎｄ ｔｉｍｅ ａｔ ｈｏｍｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ. Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ｍａｉｌ ｏｒｄｅｒ ａｎｄ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ａｌｌｏｗｓ ｆｏｒ ｍｏｒｅ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ. Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ ａｌｓｏ ｅｎｊｏｙ ｔｈｅ ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｃｅ ｔｈｉｓ ｂｒｉｎｇｓ. Ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ Ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ Ｒｅｔａｉｌｉｎｇ ｈａｓ ａ ｍａｊｏｒ ｉｍｐａｃｔ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｉｓ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｂｏｖｅ ｅｎｔｒｙ, ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｄｏｎ'ｔ ｅｎｊｏｙ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｓｈｏｐｐｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｍａｌｌｓ. Ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ ｐａｒｋｉｎｇ ｓｐａｃｅｓ ａｎｄ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｃｒｏｗｄｅｄ ｃａｕｓｅｓ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｆｅｒ ｔｏ ｓｈｏｐ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｗｎ ｈｏｍｅ. 5.Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ ｕｓｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｗｈｙ ｉｔ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ. Ｉｔ ｉｓ ｅａｓｙ ｔｏ ｓｅｅ ｗｈｙ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ａｓ ｉｔ'ｓ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ａｎｄ ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ. Ｉｔ'ｓ ｅａｓｙ ｔｏ ｓｅｅ ｉｆ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ ｂｙ ｉｆ ｏｒ ｎｏｔ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｍａｋｅ ａ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ ｏｒ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ. Ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ ｕｓｅｒｓ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｉｌ ａｔ ｓｏｍｅ ｔｉｍｅ ｏｒ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｅｖｅｎ ａｓ ｎｏｎ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｎｄｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｂｉｒｔｈｄａｙ ｃａｒｄｓ ｏｒ ｗｅｄｄｉｎｇ ｉｎｖｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｍｏｓｔ ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ ａｎｄ ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ ｕｓｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｌｉｓｔｅｄ ｂｅｌｏｗ: Ｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃａｌ ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｒｓ Ｆｏｏｄ ｓｔｏｒｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｏｒｓ Ｍａｉｌ Ｏｒｄｅｒ ｈｏｕｓｅｓ Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ ｓｔｏｒｅｓ Ｂｏｏｋ ａｎｄ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｒｓ Ａｕｔｏｍｏｔｉｖｅ ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｓ Ｂｏｏｋ ａｎｄ ｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｓｔｏｒｅｓ Ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒ ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｒｓ Ｈｏｍｅ ｆｕｒｎｉｓｈｉｎｇ ｓｔｏｒｅｓ Ｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ Ｃｒｅｄｉｔ ｃａｒｄ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ 6.Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ ｔｈｅ Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ Ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ Ｎｏｒｔｈ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ Ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ. ＳＩＣ ｃｏｄｅｓ ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｙ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｓ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ ｉｓ ｅｎｇａｇｅｄ. ＮＡＩＣＳ ｃｏｄｅｓ ａｒｅ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ-ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｅｄ, ｓｕｐｐｌｙ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｒ ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｕａｌ ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ. ＳＩＣ ｉｓ ａ 4 ｄｉｇｉｔ ｃｏｄｅ ａｎｄ ＮＡＩＣＳ ｉｓ ａ 6 ｄｉｇｉｔ ｃｏｄｅ. ＳＩＣ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｌａｃｋｅｄ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. ＮＡＩＣＳ ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ ｅｖｅｒｙ ｆｉｖｅ ｙｅａｒｓ ｓｏ ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｉｌｌ ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ. ＳＩＣ ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｙｉｎｇ ｓｅｃｔｏｒｓ: Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ, Ｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ ａｎｄ Ｆｉｓｈｉｎｇ Ｍｉｎｉｎｇ Ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ Ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ Ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ, Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ｕｔｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ Ｗｈｏｌｅｓａｌｅ Ｔｒａｄｅ Ｒｅｔａｉｌ Ｔｒａｄｅ Ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ, Ｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｒｅａｌ Ｅｓｔａｔｅ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ＮＡＩＣＳ ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｙｉｎｇ ｓｅｃｔｏｒｓ: Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ, Ｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ, Ｆｉｓｈｉｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｈｕｎｔｉｎｇ Ｍｉｎｉｎｇ Ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ Ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ Ｕｔｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ Ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｗａｒｅｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ Ｗｈｏｌｅｓａｌｅ Ｔｒａｄｅ Ｒｅｔａｉｌ Ｔｒａｄｅ Ａｃｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｆｏｏｄ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ Ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｉｎｓｕｒａｎｃｅ Ｒｅａｌ Ｅｓｔａｔｅ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｎｔａｌ ａｎｄ Ｌｅａｓｉｎｇ Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ, Ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ, ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｖｅ Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ; Ｗａｓｔｅ Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ Ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ Ｈｅａｌｔｈ Ｃａｒｅ ａｎｄ Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ Ａｒｔｓ, Ｅｎｔｅｒｔａｉｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ Ｏｔｈｅｒ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ ｎｏｔ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ Ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ 7.Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ ａｎｄ ｆｕｌｌｙ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｖｅ ｂａｓｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｂｙ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ. Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ａｒｇｕａｂｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｅａｓｉｅｓｔ ｗａｙ ｔｏ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔ ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔ. Ｑｕｉｔｅ ｓｉｍｐｌｙ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ. Ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ｇｏｉｎｇ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｚｉｐ ｃｏｄｅｓ, ａｒｅａ ｃｏｄｅｓ ａｎｄ ｔｏｗｎｓ ａｎｄ ｃｉｔｉｅｓ. Ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ ｆｏｒ ｓｏｍｅ ｌａｒｇｅｒ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ ｂｙ ｓｔａｔｅ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｄａｙｓ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｄｏｎｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ ｂｙ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｔｏｏｌｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ＧＰＳ. Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ ｗａｙ ｔｏ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔ ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｄｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｓ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｉｓ ｄｉｖｉｄｉｎｇ ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｆ ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ ｆａｃｔｓ. Ｍｏｓｔ ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ ｔｈｅｓｅ ａｒｅ ａｇｅ, ｇｅｎｄｅｒ ａｎｄ ｉｎｃｏｍｅ ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｍａｎｙ ｍｏｒｅ. Ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｉｔ'ｓ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｔｏ ｇａｔｈｅｒ ａｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｄｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ａｓ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｅｎｓｕｒｅ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｏｃｃｕｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ ｗａｙ. Ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ａ ｌｉｔｔｌｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ａｓ ｉｔ ａｐｐｌｉｅｓ ｔｏ ｌｉｋｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｌｉｋｅｓ. Ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｅｄ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｓ. Ａｌｓｏ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｍａｙｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｈｅｒｅ, ａ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ａ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｃｌｏｓｅｓｔ ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ, ｆａｍｉｌｙ ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ. Ａ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｏｆ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｔｈｅｙ ａｒｅ ｌｉｋｅｌｙ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔ ａｎｄ/ｏｒ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ ａ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ. Ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ｍａｙ ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔ ａ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｆ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｍｙ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｌｉｋｅｓ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔｅｄ. Ｐｓｙｃｈｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ａｂｏｕｔ ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｍｏｓｔ ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ. Ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｓｅ ａｒｅ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ａｎｄ ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｏｆ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｏｒ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｂｕｙｅｒ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ ｔｙｐｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ. Ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌ Ｍａｒｋｅｔ Ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ａｐｐｌｉｅｓ ｔｏ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ ｓｈｏｐｐｉｎｇ ｗｈｅｒｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔｅｄ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ. Ｃｏｏｋｉｅｓ ａｒｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｒａｃｋ ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｓ. Ｍａｎｙ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｒｅｔａｉｌｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅ ｇｏｔ ｓｍａｒｔ ａｎｄ ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ａｒｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｔｏ ｏｎｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ ｈａｓ ｂｏｕｇｈｔ ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ. 8.Ｄｅｔａｉｌ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ ｔｈｅ Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｐｏｓｔａｌ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ｕｓｅｓ ｉｎ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ ａ ＺＩＰ Ｃｏｄｅ. Ａ ｈｕｂ ｃｉｔｙ ｉｓ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ｏｆ ｅａｃｈ ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ ｏｆ ＺＩＰ ｃｏｄｅ ａｒｅａｓ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ｏｆ ｌｏｃａｌ Ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ. Ａｎ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ｏｆ 40 ｔｏ 75 ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｐｏｓｔ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｓ ｌｉｅ ｗｉｔｈｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ, ｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｕｎｉｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｆａｉｒｌｙ ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｄｅｓｔｉｎｙ. Ｅａｃｈ ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｈｕｂ ｉｓ ａｂｏｕｔ 2 ｔｏ 3 ｈｏｕｒｓ ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ ｔｉｍｅ ａｗａｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｆａｒｔｈｅｓｔ ｐｏｓｔ ｏｆｆｉｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ. 9.Ｎａｍｅ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｂａｓｉｃ ｔｙｐｅｓ ｏｆ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｂｙ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒｓ. Ｈｏｕｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｉｎ ｂａｓｉｃ ｔｅｒｍｓ ａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｏｆ ａｎ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ａｒｅ ｂｏｔｈ ａｃｔｉｖｅ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｉｎａｃｔｉｖｅ. Ｈｏｕｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ ｉｎ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｏｆ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ ｗｈｏ ｈａｖｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄ ｔｏ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ ｏｆｆｅｒ. Ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ ｉｎ ｈｉｇｈｌｙ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｉｓ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｖｅｒｙ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｓｏ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ. Ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｙｐｅｓ ｏｆ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ ｔｈｅ ｏｎｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｏｒｓ. Ｃｏｍｐｌｉｅｄ Ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ａｒｅ ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ａ ｔｈｉｒｄ ｐａｒｔｙ ｏｒ ｍａｒｋｅｔ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｆｉｒｍ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｄｏ ｎｏｔ ｈａｖｅ ａ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ａｎｄ ａｒｅ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｊｕｓｔ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｌｉｓｔｓ. Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ａｒｅ ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒｙ ｌｉｓｔｓ, ｈｉｇｈ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ/ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｒｏｓｔｅｒ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｎｄ ｖｏｔｅｒｓ ｌｉｓｔｓ. 10.Ｆｕｌｌｙ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ ｌｉｓｔ ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ. Ｂｅ ｓｕｒｅ ｔｏ ｎａｍｅ ａｎｄ ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ ｅａｃｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｋｅｙ ｐｌａｙｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｓｔ ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ｌｉｔｔｌｅ ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ａｎｄ ａｒｅ ｗｉｄｅｌｙ ｕｓｅｄ ｂｙ ｎｅａｒｌｙ ｅｖｅｒｙ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ ｍａｒｋｅｔｅｒ. Ｌｉｓｔ ｏｗｎｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｈｏ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ ａｎｄ ａｃｑｕｉｒｅ ｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓ ｗｈｏ ｓｈｏｗ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ ｏｆ ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ. Ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｖｅｒｙ ｖａｌｕａｂｌｅ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ａｒｅ ｏｆｔｅｎ ａｒｅ ｓｏｌｄ ｆｏｒ ａ ｌｏｔ ｏｆ ｍｏｎｅｙ ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｈｉｇｈｌｙ ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ ｏｎｅｓ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｄａｙｓ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｓｏｌｄ ｉｎ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ ｆｏｒｍａｔ. Ｌｉｓｔ ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ ａｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ ｗｈｏ ｃｒｅａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｍａｒｋｅｔｐｌａｃｅ ｔｈｅｙ ｂｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｂｕｙｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｌｌｅｒｓ ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ. Ｌｉｓｔ ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ: Ｆｉｎｄ ｎｅｗ ｌｉｓｔｓ Ｖｅｒｉｆｙ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ ｏｎ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ Ｃｈｅｃｋ ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ Ｃｌｅａｒ ｏｆｆｅｒ Ｃｈｅｃｋ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ Ｃｌｅａｒ ｍａｉｌｉｎｇ ｄａｔｅ Ｗｏｒｋ ｏｕｔ ｔｉｍｉｎｇ Ｅｎｓｕｒｅ ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ ｄａｔｅ Ｌｉｓｔ ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ ａｓｓｕｍｅ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｎ ｂｅｈａｌｆ ｏｆ ｌｉｓｔ ｏｗｎｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｌｉｓｔ ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｌｉｓｔ ｕｓｅｒｓ. Ｔｈｅｙ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍ ｔｈｅ ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ ａｎｓ ｓａｌｅｓ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｍａｎａｇｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｗｎ ｆａｃｉｌｉｔｙ. Ｌｉｋｅ ｌｉｓｔ ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ ａ ｓｍａｌｌ ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ ｌｉｓｔ ｏｗｎｅｒｓ. Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｇａｔｈｅｒ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ａｂｏｕｔ ｄａｔａ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ａｒｅ ｋｎｏｗｎ ａｓ ｌｉｓｔ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｒｓ. Ｌｉｓｔ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｒｓ ｏｗｎ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｉｓｔｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｖｅ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒ ｃｌｉｐｐｉｎｇｓ ａｎｄ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｎ ｓｅｌｌ ｔｈｅｍ ｏｎ. Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ｂｕｒｅａｕｓ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｄａｔａ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ, ｄａｔａ ｍｉｎｉｎｇ, ｏｕｔｓｏｕｒｃｉｎｇ, ｏｎ-ｌｉｎｅ ａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ ｔｏ ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅ ｏｆ ｌｉｓｔｓ. |
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